Ubwa mbere, iterambere ryikirahure
1. Inkomoko yikirahure cyabashinwa
Igihe cyo kugaragara kwikirahure cyabashinwa muri rusange nyuma yigihe cyo kugaragara kwikirahure cyisi.
Abakurambere ba kera b'Abashinwa bakoze farisari yambere hafi yingoma ya Shang, nyuma yimyaka 2000 nyuma ya Mesopotamiya bakoresheje uburyo bwa rot-core bakora ibirahure.Nk’ubushakashatsi buriho, ikirahure cya mbere mu Bushinwa cyagaragaye mu karere ka Sinayi.Ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba ikirahuri cyarakozwe mu Bushinwa, abantu benshi bakunze kubona ni uko ikirahuri cy’Ubushinwa cyatumijwe bwa mbere muri Aziya y’iburengerazuba kandi kigaragara mu Bushinwa nkigicuruzwa cyiza.Umwanzuro w'uko ibirahuri byakorewe mu Bushinwa bigomba kugaragara mugihe cyanyuma cy’ibihugu by’intambara bikomoka ku bikoresho by’ibirahure byacukuwe mu mva za Hunan na Hube
Mu Bushinwa bwa kera, ikirahuri nacyo cyiswe liuli.Mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Han, kubera gutumiza mu mahanga ibicuruzwa byinshi by'ibirahure biva mu mico yo muri Aziya y'Iburengerazuba, umubare w’ibikoresho byo mu kirahuri byakorewe mu Bushinwa wigeze kugabanuka cyangwa guhuzwa n’ibintu bidasanzwe, kandi iki kibazo cy’iterambere ry’umuco cyatejwe imbere muri Sui n'ingoma ya Tang, mugihe havutse ibirahuri byinshi byiza byavanze muburyo gakondo bwabashinwa.Mu ngoma y'indirimbo, umubare munini w'ibirahure byatumizwaga mu bihugu by'Abarabu mu Bushinwa, kandi ibikoresho by'ibirahure byuzuye imigenzo idasanzwe byeraga hose mu gihugu cyababyaye, bituma habaho ibintu byiza cyane byo guhuza imico y'Ubushinwa n'Uburengerazuba.Twabibutsa ko n’ubwo umubare munini w’ibikoresho by’ibirahure byinjijwe mu Bushinwa, haracyari itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y’ibirahure bya kera by’Abashinwa n’ibirahure mpuzamahanga.Usibye itandukaniro muburyo, itandukaniro rinini hagati yibirahuri bya kera byubushinwa nibigize ikirahure.Muri kiriya gihe, igice kinini cy’ibirahure mu mico ya Aziya y’iburengerazuba ni ibintu bya sodium-calcium ya silikatike, mu gihe Ubushinwa bwakoreshaga okiside ya potasiyumu (yakuwe mu ivu ry’ibimera) nk'isoko, ibyo bikaba byaratumye habaho itandukaniro rikomeye mu bikoresho by’ikirahure cya kera cy’Abashinwa n’iburengerazuba ikirahure.
Icya kabiri, ikoreshwa rya glas
1.Ibirahure bigezweho
Mubihe bigezweho, ikoreshwa ryikirahure ni ryinshi.Ikirahure kigezweho kirashobora gushyirwa mubice byikirahure kidasanzwe hamwe nikirahure kidasanzwe.Ikirahuri kibase kigabanijwemo ubwoko butatu: kuyobora-ikirahure kiringaniye (kigabanijwemo ubwoko bubiri bwa groove / nta groove), gushushanya ikirahuri kiringaniye hamwe nikirahure kireremba.Ubu bwoko bwikirahure bukoreshwa mubikorwa byo gushushanya imyubakire, inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga, inganda zubuhanzi ndetse nabasirikare.Ukurikije ibice bitandukanye, ikirahure gishobora kugabanywamo ikirahuri cya quartz, ikirahuri kinini cya silika, ikirahuri cya silikate, ikirahuri cya sodium calcium, ikirahuri cya aluminium silikate, ikirahuri cya borosilike, ikirahuri cya potasiyumu nibindi.Ubwoko bwose bw'ikirahure bufite ibyo bukoresha, nk'ikirahuri cya sodium-calcium kirashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibirahuri binini, ibirahuri n'amatara;Ikirahuri cya silikatike ikoreshwa nka coreque ya vacuum kubera ko ifite ibyuma byinshi, kandi ikoreshwa no guhagarika imirasire kuko isasu rishobora guhagarika ibintu bikora radio.Ikirahuri cya Borosilicate nicyo cyambere cyo guhitamo ibirahuri bya chimique kubera imbaraga nyinshi kandi birwanya ruswa.
Icya gatatu, ahazaza h'ikirahure
1. Ibihe bizaza byikirahure cyubuhanzi nikirahure cyiza
Kimwe mubice byingenzi bikoreshwa mubirahuri bigezweho ni ikirahure cyubuhanzi nikirahure cyiza.Ikirahure cyakuyeho gukurikirana hakiri kare ingoyi zifatika, zitangira gushimisha iterambere.Nyuma yuko studio yikirahure imaze guhumeka ari myinshi, ibicuruzwa byinshi kandi byiza cyane byikirahure byatangiye kugaragara, buji y ibirahure, imitako yikirahure, ibishusho byibirahure ndetse nibishusho binini byamabara.Ibintu bigira uruhare mubirahuri byubuhanzi ni binini nkimodoka, inyubako, ibishusho byubusitani, kandi ntoya nko guhamagara amasaha, amakadiri yindorerwamo, na terefone zigendanwa.Ikirahure kirashobora kandi gukoreshwa nka rhinestone kugirango isimbuze diyama ihenze, kandi "diyama" igaragara kumatongo muri iki gihe mubyukuri usanga ahanini ari amabuye y'amabara akozwe mubirahure.
Kubijyanye no guteza imbere ibirahuri byubuhanzi, ku giti cyanjye ndasaba ibi bikurikira:
1. Ibirahuri byubuhanzi nibirahuri bishushanya bigomba kwitondera guhumeka no guhanga, gukurikiza igishushanyo cyihariye cyo guhanga, no kuzana abantu ibirori biboneka.
2, hindura ibikoresho fatizo byububiko bwikirahure, gabanya ikiguzi cyo kwagura umusaruro wikirahure cyubuhanzi.
3, shiraho amahame yinganda, kugirango ikirahuri cyubuhanzi gishobora kuba igishushanyo mbonera n’umusaruro, kugirango wirinde kwanduza ibintu bibisi nibindi bintu.
4, mugikorwa cyo gukora ibirahuri byubuhanzi nibirahuri bishushanya mubuhanga buhanitse, kugirango tekinoroji yo gukora ibirahuri kurwego rushya, iteze imbere iterambere ryinganda.
Imikorere myinshi kandi igizwe nibirahuri byubuhanzi hamwe nikirahure cyo gushushanya ni ukuzuza ibisabwa na The Times, nkikirahure cyo gushushanya cyateguwe muguhuza ingirabuzimafatizo zuba hamwe nurukuta rwikirahure cyamabara ntishobora gukoresha ingufu zizuba gusa ahubwo birashobora no gukoreshwa nkutari- urukuta rutwara imitwaro, ariko kandi rufite uruhare rwo gushushanya, rwica inyoni ebyiri n'ibuye rimwe
2. Ikirahure kidasanzwe
Ikirahuri kidasanzwe gikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho, igisirikare, ubuvuzi, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, chimie, ubwubatsi nizindi nzego, buri kimwe gifite umwihariko wacyo.Nkikirahure cyitondewe (coefficient de coiffe nini, ntabwo byoroshye kumeneka, nubwo kumeneka bitazaba ibice bikarishye byangiza umubiri wumuntu), ikirahuri cyashushanyije (opaque, gikunze gukoreshwa ahantu hasabwa kuvurwa neza, nkubwiherero), ikirahure cyinsinga .
Mubyongeyeho, ubwoko bushya bwikirahure bwakozwe mugushyiramo ibintu bitandukanye bya chimique nabyo bifite uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha.Harimo ikirahuri kinini cya silika cyavuzwe haruguru, kiyobora ikirahuri cya silikatike, ikirahuri cya sodium calcium, ikirahuri cya aluminium silikatike, ikirahuri cya borosilike, ikirahuri cya potasiyumu, nibindi, ubu harebwa ikirahuri gishya hamwe nikirahure cya fondasiyo.Ikirahuri cya ferrous ni ubwoko bwibintu bya amorphous bikozwe mubikoresho byibyuma, kandi nta nenge za kirisitiya nko hejuru, umwanya na point.Ifite ibintu byiza cyane nka elastique, imbaraga nyinshi, kurwanya ruswa, kurwanya ingaruka, ubukonje nubushyuhe, nibindi, kandi ifite amahirwe menshi yo gukoreshwa mugutezimbere peteroli na gaze.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-07-2023
